How to Read & Measure Frequency Response
Frequency response describes output level variation across 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Flat response means equal amplification. The ±3 dB specification is the threshold of audible coloration for broadband signals in professional audio systems.
Reading Graphs
Log frequency axis, dB magnitude. Flat line = equal output. Peaks = boosts, dips = attenuation. Reference normalized to 1 kHz or passband average.
Smoothing
1/6 octave for speakers, 1/3 for system EQ (matches GEQ and perception), 1/12 for crossover analysis. Always check unsmoothed first.
Methods
RTA: pink noise, single channel. Quick but cannot separate system from room. Transfer function per AES-2id: dual channel, separates via coherence. Professional standard.
Common Issues
Rising below 200 Hz: proximity or boundary. Dip at 2-4 kHz: crossover problem. Peak at 3-5 kHz: harsh. Falling above 8 kHz: air absorption or cable losses.
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Measure frequency response