Bandwidth applies at every stage of an audio system. Microphones, preamps, processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers each have a bandwidth that limits the overall system response. The total system bandwidth is constrained by the narrowest link in the chain. For loudspeakers, bandwidth is specified as the usable frequency range, often at -10 dB points rather than -3 dB. A typical two-way PA speaker might cover 60 Hz to 18 kHz, while adding subwoofers extends the low end to 30 Hz or below. The crossover point between drivers defines where each component's bandwidth begins and ends. In filter design, bandwidth has a specific mathematical relationship with Q factor. A parametric EQ filter centered at 1 kHz with a Q of 2 has a bandwidth of 500 Hz (from 750 Hz to 1250 Hz). Higher Q means narrower bandwidth and more selective filtering, which is essential for notching out feedback frequencies without affecting surrounding content. Transfer function measurements reveal the actual operational bandwidth of a system in its environment. Room interactions, speaker placement, and processing all affect the effective bandwidth at the listening position. SonaVyx's transfer function mode shows this directly, with the magnitude plot displaying where the response rolls off at both frequency extremes. For digital systems, bandwidth is ultimately limited by the sample rate through the Nyquist theorem. At 48 kHz sampling, the maximum bandwidth extends to 24 kHz, comfortably covering the audible range.